Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are commonly associated with women, but the truth is that men can also fall victim to this uncomfortable and often overlooked bladder infection. While UTIs are more prevalent in women due to the anatomical differences in their urinary systems, men are not immune to these infections. In fact, UTIs in men can present unique challenges and may go undiagnosed or untreated, leading to potential complications.
In this guide, we delve into the facts of urinary tract infections in men, exploring the causes, symptoms, and risk factors associated with this condition. Understanding the nuances of UTIs in men is vital for timely diagnosis and appropriate management, as untreated infections can escalate and impact the urinary system and overall health.
Causes of UTI in Men
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in men can arise from a variety of causes, each contributing to the vulnerability of the male urinary system. While less common in men compared to women, UTIs in males can be triggered by several factors:
Anatomical Factors
Enlarged Prostate: The prostate gland, which surrounds the urethra, can enlarge with age, creating an obstruction to urine flow and increasing the risk of bacterial growth.
Urethral Length: The longer length of the male urethra compared to females may make it more challenging for the body to flush out bacteria, providing an environment conducive to infection.
Urinary Tract Abnormalities
Structural Issues: Any abnormalities or structural problems in the urinary tract, such as kidney stones or reflux of urine from the bladder back into the kidneys, can facilitate the entry and multiplication of bacteria.
Catheter Use
Urinary Catheters: Men who require a urinary catheter, whether due to medical conditions, surgery, or other reasons, are at an increased risk of developing UTIs. Catheters can introduce bacteria into the urinary system.
Sexual Activity
Anal Intercourse: Engaging in anal intercourse can introduce bacteria from the anal region into the urethra, increasing the likelihood of UTIs.
Immune System Suppression
Immunosuppression: Conditions or medications that weaken the immune system, such as HIV or certain immunosuppressive drugs, can make men more susceptible to infections, including UTIs.
Age and General Health
Age: Elderly men may experience weakened bladder muscles or other age-related changes that make them more prone to UTIs.
Diabetes: Men with diabetes have an elevated risk of UTIs due to compromised immune function and high sugar levels, providing a favourable environment for bacterial growth.
Hygiene Practices
Poor Hygiene: Inadequate genital hygiene can contribute to the accumulation of bacteria in the genital area, increasing the chances of infection.
Common UTI Symptoms in Men
Urinary Tract Infections in men often manifest with distinct symptoms that may vary in intensity. It’s important to recognise these signs to seek timely treatment. Common UTI symptoms in men include:
Painful or Burning Sensation During Urination: One of the hallmark symptoms of a UTI is a burning or painful sensation while urinating. This urine pain may be experienced at the beginning or end of urination.
Frequent Urination: Men with UTIs may feel the urge to urinate more frequently than usual. However, the amount of urine expelled might be small.
The Urgency to Urinate: A persistent sense of urgency to empty the bladder is another common symptom. Even after urination, the feeling of incomplete voiding may persist.
Cloudy or Strong-Smelling Urine: Changes in the appearance and odour of urine can occur during a UTI. Urine may appear cloudy, and its scent might be stronger than usual.
Discoloured Urine: UTIs can cause urine to take on an unusual colour, ranging from pink to reddish-brown due to the presence of blood.
Pelvic Pain or Discomfort: Some men may experience pain or discomfort in the pelvic region, including the lower abdomen, around the genitals, or in the perineal area.
Flank Pain: Pain in the sides of the lower back, known as flank pain, may indicate the involvement of the kidneys in the infection.
Fatigue and Malaise: Generalised fatigue, lethargy, and a sense of unwellness can accompany a UTI, especially if the infection has spread to other parts of the urinary system.
Fever and Chills: A UTI can lead to systemic symptoms such as fever and chills in more severe cases. These indicate a more widespread infection that may involve the kidneys.
Symptoms can vary among individuals, and not everyone with a UTI will experience all of these signs. Additionally, UTIs in men may sometimes present with milder or atypical symptoms, leading to delayed recognition.
Diagnosing UTI in Men
Diagnosing a urinary tract infection (UTI) in men involves a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history assessment, and laboratory tests. Given that UTI symptoms in men can overlap with other urological conditions, a thorough diagnostic process is essential for accurate identification and appropriate treatment. The steps involved in diagnosing a UTI in men include:
Medical history and symptom assessment.
Physical examination, including a genital and pelvic examination.
Urine analysis to identify the presence of bacteria, white blood cells, and red blood cells.
Urine Culture may be ordered to identify the type of bacteria causing the infection.
Imaging studies, such as ultrasound or a CT scan.
Blood tests may be conducted to assess overall health.
Cystoscopy (in certain cases), which is a procedure involving a thin tube with a camera that is inserted into the urethra and bladder to visualise the interior of the lower and upper urinary tract and identify any abnormalities.
Testing for underlying conditions If recurrent UTIs are a concern.
Diagnosing a UTI in men is a collaborative effort between the patient and healthcare provider, involving open communication about symptoms and adherence to recommended diagnostic procedures. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for initiating prompt and effective treatment, preventing the spread of infection, and reducing the risk of complications.
UTI Treatment Options for Men
Treating urinary tract infections in men typically involves a course of antibiotics to target the underlying bacterial infection. The choice of antibiotic and the duration of treatment depend on factors such as the type of bacteria identified, the severity of the infection, and any underlying health conditions. In addition to antibiotic therapy, supportive measures may be recommended to alleviate symptoms and promote recovery, such as pain medication, increased fluid intake, avoidance of irritants, urinary alkalizers, follow-up monitoring, and the management of underlying conditions.
It’s important for individuals with UTIs to promptly seek medical attention and adhere to the prescribed treatment plan. Untreated or inadequately treated UTIs can lead to complications, such as spreading infection to the kidneys or developing recurrent infections.
Preventing UTI in Men
To prevent urinary tract infections in men, implementing simple habits that reduce the risk of bacterial infections is the first step. Good personal hygiene is important, including regular and thorough cleaning of the genital area to minimise bacteria accumulation. Safe sexual practices, such as using condoms, also help prevent infection. Drinking plenty of water promotes frequent urination, flushing out potential bacteria. Avoiding harsh soaps and scented products in the genital region is advisable.
Lifestyle choices matter too—men with conditions like an enlarged prostate, diabetes or digestive and kidney diseases should manage them effectively. Moderating alcohol intake and staying physically active contributes to overall health and immune system strength. These simple steps can significantly lower the likelihood of UTIs, promoting a healthier urinary system.
Complications of UTI in Men
While urinary tract infections (UTIs) in men are generally treatable with prompt and appropriate medical intervention, complications can arise if the infection is left untreated or if there are underlying risk factors. Some potential complications of UTIs in men include:
Recurrent UTI Infections
Without proper treatment or preventive measures, some men may experience recurrent UTIs. This can lead to a cycle of persistent infections and may require more comprehensive management strategies.
Prostatitis
UTIs can extend to the prostate gland, causing a condition known as prostatitis. Inflammation of the prostate can lead to pain in the pelvic region, discomfort during urination, and other urinary symptoms.
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube located at the back of the testicle, can be a complication of UTIs. This can lead to pain and swelling in the testicular area.
Abscess Formation
In rare cases, UTIs can lead to abscesses in the urinary tract or surrounding tissues. Abscesses may require drainage and more aggressive treatment.
Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis)
If bacteria travel up from the bladder to the kidneys, it can result in a kidney infection. Pyelonephritis can cause more severe symptoms, including high fever and back pain, and can lead to long-term kidney damage if not promptly treated.
Sepsis
In severe cases, untreated UTIs can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition where the infection spreads throughout the body. Sepsis requires immediate medical attention and intensive care.
Complications in Men with Underlying Conditions
Men with underlying health conditions, such as diabetes or compromised immune systems, may be more susceptible to severe and complicated UTIs. Managing these conditions is crucial to preventing complications.
When to Seek Medical Help
If you have symptoms of a urinary tract infection, like pain during urination or frequent urges to urinate, it’s important to see a doctor right away. Don’t wait, especially if symptoms worsen or you experience fever, back pain, or blood in the urine.
Seeking medical help promptly is crucial to prevent complications. UTIs, if untreated, can lead to more serious issues. Getting early diagnosis and treatment is key to a faster and better recovery. If you’re unsure, it’s best to consult with a healthcare professional to address any concerns and get the right care.
Take care of UTIs online – Start your consult today!
Sources
Urinary tract infection prevalence, reporting, impact and experience:
- Health direct. Urinary tract infection (UTI) [Internet]. Healthdirect.gov.au.
Healthdirect Australia; 2019. - PMCID: PMC1711482
